FOREWORD
Praise
the presence of God Almighty over all the abundance of Grace, Inayah, Taufik
and Hinayah so that I can complete the compilation of this paper in its
simplest form and contents. Hopefully this paper can be used as a reference,
guidance and guidance for readers in educational administration in the
profession of teacher.
I
hope this paper will help to increase the knowledge and experience for the
readers so that I can improve the form and content of this paper so that the
future can be better.
I
confess this paper is still a lot of shortcomings because the experience that I
have very less. Therefore I expect the readers to provide constructive inputs
for the perfection of this paper.
Pebayuran,
30 April 2017
Compilers,
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
............................................................................................................. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
.......................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
...................................................................................................... 1
1.1
Background ............................................................................................................. 1
1.2
Problem Formulation ............................................................................................. 1
1.3
Objectives and Benefits ........................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
.......................................................................................... 2
2.1
Definition of Congestion ........................................................................................ 2
2.2
traffic ..................................................................................................................... 2
2.3
Definition of Transportation .................................................................................. 2
2.4
Definition of Urban ............................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 3
DISCUSSION
............................................................................................................. 3
3.1
Traffic Congestion Problems ................................................................................. 3
3.2
Occurrence Causes ................................................................................................. 3
3.3
Negative Impacts on Urban Traffic Congestion .................................................... 4
3.4
Efforts to Tackle Traffic Congestion Transportation .......................................... 4
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
................................................. 8
4.1
Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 8
4.2
Advice ................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
In
this time period, the development of science and technology is more advanced.
Among them is the development of transport in the urban world. But along with
the progress turns out to various problems that may arise unforeseen. Rampant
problem today is the problem of traffic congestion has been devastating for the
use of the highway. The problem of traffic congestion transport is often the
case in urban areas in Indonesia. It happened because the concentration of
vehicles accumulate many urban diarea. So it is not surprising that urban areas
often occur because of the traffic congestion. Currently in urban traffic
congestion is getting worse. As time goes by congestion conditions that occur
in urban areas are not getting better, but getting worse. It happened because
the number of vehicles continues to increase and is not offset by the expansion
of the highway area. Especially in urban areas found many street vendors
hawking wares on the roadside which of course it will increase the volume of
highway congestion. Due to their selling alongside the road, it will be many
motorists stopped to buy goods to street vendors. So that it would interfere
with the smooth traffic. Besides the five-foot sword roadside selling can also
interfere with the pedestrians. There are many losses that will be incurred
when there is congestion on the highway. One of them is the fuel that must be
wasted on the highway. Vehicle that runs slowly going to spend a lot of wasted
fuel. In addition to the loss of fuel wasted there will also be a loss of time.
The time wasted on the road will reduce the level of human productivity, and
the impact will disrupt economic activity in a country.
1.2 Problem Formulation
Traffic
congestion is a serious problem that must be addressed immediately. The problem
that will be studied in this paper are:
1. What
are the causes of traffic congestion in urban transportation?
2.
What are the negative impacts of traffic
congestion?
3. How
to solve the problem of traffic congestion in urban transportation?
1.3 Objectives and
Benefits
1.3.1
Objectives This paper aims to determine the causes of traffic congestion in
urban transportation and how to overcome them.
1.3.2
Manfaaat Benefits of this paper is to add insight and knowledge about the
transportation problems of traffic congestion that occurs in urban areas. This
paper is also useful to broaden knowledge about the cause and how to cope with
the existing traffic congestion in urban areas.
CHAPTER
2
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Definition of
Congestion
Understanding
of the congestion that has been quoted in saying that
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportasi Congestion is a situation or
circumstance delays or even interruption of traffic caused by the large number
of vehicles exceeding the capacity of the road. Congestion occurs in many large
cities, especially who do not have good public transportation or inadequate or
unbalanced also needs roads with population density. It can be said when
congestion is stacked atmosphere existing vehicles on the highway due to the
capacity of the road that is not commensurate with the number of vehicles
available. Figures from the growing number of vehicles and road capacity are
still causing buildup julah highway vehicles in the net. Definition
2.2 traffic
Understanding
the traffic as disclosed in the http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalu_lintas, said
that understanding the traffic in Law No. 22 of 2009 is defined as the movement
of vehicles and people in the road traffic, was space is a road traffic
infrastructure that is intended for motion moving vehicles, people, and or
goods in the form of street and support facilities. In this case, the link
between the space vehicle and the road traffic is an entity whose existence is
always side by side. In this case the government has a goal to achieve traffic
and road transport are safe, secure, fast, smooth, orderly and organized,
comfortable and efficient through traffic management and traffic engineering.
The procedure in road traffic is regulated by laws and regulations concerning
traffic direction, priorities using the roads, traffic lanes, and traffic flow
control at the intersection. In this connection the actual role of government
in regulating the traffic is optimal. However, because of the growing number of
road users over time, is certainly a liability for the government to continue
to contribute to provide a good traffic.
2.3 Definition of
Transportation
Transportation
is removing the human or goods from one place to another by using a vehicle
driven by a man ataumesin. Transport used to enable people to perform daily
activities. In developed countries, they typically use the subway and taxis.
Residents there have rarely personal vehicles because they mostly use public
transport as their transportation. Transportation is divided into 3 namely,
land, sea, and air.
2.4 Definition of Urban
According
to urban Cristaller is a region that has the function of organizing the
delivery of services to the local environment. City is not defined as a service
center. In this view, one can say if the urban area is the service provider for
the areas around it. If it is pulled towards the problems of traffic congestion
there. You could say the urban density occurs because cities provide
implementation services for the areas around it. Congestion that occurs in
urban areas is the result of stacking of vehicles around urban areas which hold
activities in urban areas.
CHAPTER
3
DISCUSSION
In
this discussion section will discuss the causes of traffic congestion existing
transportation urban region. Urban areas often traffic congestion, so it needs
to know the cause why it could happen. In addition, investigating on how to
cope with traffic congestion transport also needs to be done to find a solution
to the traffic congestion that occurs transportation in urban areas.
3.1 Traffic Congestion
Problems
The
problem of traffic congestion is already a problem that often occurs in urban
areas. In fact it has become a serious problem of urban region. Because of
congestion always provide significant losses for the country. The problem of
traffic congestion is always difficult for the government in handling. All
government policies have done but in fact can not overcome congestion. This is
because awareness for motorists who are still not aware of the use of the road
as a means of transportation. In addition, the provision of public transport
should be able to reduce the amount of transport traffic congestion in highway
transportation is also very necessary. But again, because the public
transportation is still far from sufficient to make the vehicle more users choose
to use private vehicles. Of course this will obviously make the road will be
jammed again.
3.2 Occurrence Causes
Traffic
Congestion Transport traffic congestion is a common problem in urban areas.
Many factors that cause why the traffic congestion transport can occur. The
factors that cause traffic congestion include:
1. The
presence of the number of vehicles that exceed the capacity of the road. This
is often a problem in urban areas. Traffic jams occur because in the city as a
center of economic activities. So it is not surprising that the capacity of the
existing roads in the city could not accommodate all the existing vehicles. So
that congestion can not be avoided.
2.
The presence of street vendors hawking
wares on the roadside. One of the factors that cause a transport of traffic
congestion is the presence of street vendors who sell dipinggri highway.
Usually they take the sidewalk as a place to sell. In addition to already
causing traffic jams, street vendors also have taken the rights of pedestrians.
So that pedestrians no longer get past the sidewalk, but walking through the
streets. That would endanger the safety of the pedestrians. Why is the presence
of street vendors could lead to traffic congestion. This can happen because a
lot of highway users who stopped alongside a road to buy goods to street
vendors. In addition, users who purchase goods in the street hawkers usually
memakirkan vehicle on the side of the highway so it could cause a traffic jam.
3. The
occurrence of traffic accidents. Traffic accidents can also cause traffic
congestion transport. Because when there is an accident would normally be many
road users who slowed their vehicle so that it would lead to traffic
congestion.
4. The
presence of vehicles parked haphazardly on the roadside. This is certainly
often leads to traffic jams. In urban areas the bias often found in vehicles
parked haphazardly. This can happen due to lack of parking places for vehicles
in urban areas. Vehicles parked on the side of the road is certainly going to
take a portion of the road where it will trigger traffic jams occur
transportation.
5. Shift
of people from using public transport to private transport. The transition of
people using public transport to private transport has given the world a new
problem for traffic. Why it happens, there are many factors that cause people
prefer to use private transportation. Among them is because the use of private
vehicles is felt more quickly and cheaply. Private vehicles are also much
easier to reach the destination. However, when everyone is trying to switch to
using private transport. No one if existing roads become congested at this time
met by private vehicles. Many factors other than the five factors (components)
above which may cause traffic congestion, for instance: erroneous application
of the policies and laws of the road freight traffic, where the mall (mall
entrance) on the edge of the highway so out of the vehicle, the and public
transport traffic ngetem akanmengganggu smoothness, lack of number of traffic control
officers, demonstrations, riots, and the weather (heavy rain and flooding).
3.3 Negative Impacts on
Urban Traffic Congestion
One
of the problems that exist in the urban traffic congestion is a problem. The
problem of urban traffic congestion has made a loss for the operation of the
economy of a country. Not infrequently these congestion problems has always
been a difficult issue in a state government to make policy regarding traffic.
There are several kinds of impact or the impact of traffic congestion
transport, such as:
1. Wastage
of fuel. It thus may happen because the vehicle runs quietly will take a lot of
time and energy.
2.
The streets are jammed too easily cause
air pollution, because at low speeds higher energy consumption, and the engine
is not operating at optimum conditions.
3.
Will disrupt economic activity, such as
freight activity.
4. Emergency
kendaraa interfere. Such as: Ambulance and Fire Department at the time of the
crisis. There is still a lot of harm caused by the presence of transport this
traffic jam. In fact, the economy of a country could be paralyzed because of
the traffic congestion problem.
3.4 Efforts to Tackle
Traffic Congestion Transportation
Actually
there are many ways that can be done to address the problem of traffic
congestion. Among them is a policy decision made by the government. But the
policy has been issued by the government often diabaian by the use of the
highway. Every effort is made actually to reduce the volume of existing
vehicles on the highway. But what power due to the number of vehicles per day
are not diminishing the problem of traffic congestion makes it increasingly
difficult to overcome. Here are some solutions that can be used to address the
problem of traffic congestion:
1. Provision
of adequate public transortasi. This is done to attract the use of roads in
order to switch from private vehicles kekendaraan public.
2.
The use of one-way path. The use of
one-way lane on the highway is needed to address the problem of traffic
congestion. Because if used as a one-way road allows vehicles to run more
cleanly.
3.
Restrictions on private vehicle
ownership. This has become necessary because the cause of congestion is the
presence of many private vehicles were piled up in the streets. This is due to
the ease with which people obtain personal vehicle. If the ownership of a
private vehicle can be done, then it will be able to reduce the number of
transport traffic congestion on the highway.
4.
Unequivocal prohibition of street
vendors who sell on the roadside and illegal parking that often hamper the pace
vehicle.
5.
Mass reproduce adequate vehicle fleet.
For example, as the busway in Jakarta. Or maybe the subway. This is necessary
so that the road users want to use public transportation.
6.
by increasing the capacity of the road,
for example: widening roads, adding traffic lanes if possible, reduce conflict
at the junction turn right to limit the current.
7.
Restrictions on private vehicles, this
policy is not popular, but if congestion gets worse then it should be done
better management of extreme traffic as follows:
· Restricted
the use of private vehicles towards a certain area will be limited traffic, the
other form is the application of high parking rates in the region, the system
is managed in Singapore, London and Stockholm.
· Restrictions
private vehicle ownership through increased cost of ownership, fuel tax, motor
vehicle tax, import duties are high.
· Restrictions
of certain traffic entering certain areas or roads by applying a 3-in-1 region,
or other forms of restrictions bike motot incoming toll, and restrictions on
private cars entering the busway lane.
·
8.
Applying different working hours,
although this appears to be merely move the rush hour but this solution can
contribute to reducing traffic congestion.
Here
the evidence the government's efforts to tackle congestion that I managed to
get: SOLO-traffic congestion in the area for a year Kerten Purwosari and will
soon unravel the signal line will be operated Makamhaji underpass in this
month. Head of the Department of Transportation Traffic Communication and
Information (Dishubkominfo) Surakarta, Sri Baskoro revealed, it will ensure the
Sukoharjo regency. Because the newly acquired information, if the underpass
project since 2012 will soon be completed and put into operation. For that,
with the completion of the project, with a positive impact on traffic Solo who
had been an abundance of rider. ''Kemacetansegeraterurai,'' he said, Wednesday
(10/4). Said to him, since the construction of the underpass at Makamhaji, two
regions in the Solo affected the congestion in Purwosari (Jalan Agus Salim,
Samratulangi) and Kerten (Jalan Slamet Riyadi). Even during the morning and
late afternoon, the congestion could reach 1 km. Although it only lasted half
an hour. '' Because it makes barricade at Purwosari and Kerten. In our Kerten
already unloading. In Purwosari will dismantle after the underpass could be
passed,'' he explained. According Baskoro, flow diversion occurred during the
year in the way that is Agus Salim, Samratulangi and Jalan Slamet Riyadi, the
increase in volume of about 2,500 vehicles per hour, an increase of 50 percent.
SOLO - Anticipating increasingly congested traffic, the Department of
Transportation, Communication and Information (Dishubkominfo) Surakarta
installing traffic detectors on a number of critical points of jam. The tools
work the system to respond in full (full-responsive) traffic density, and then
set the flash duration lightmenyesuaikan traffic density occurs. The tool has
been tested over the last month, at 11 points. Among others in the intersection
stage, Gendengan, Pajang, Faroka, Kerten, Dawn Beautiful and Jalan Sudirman.
Head Dishubkominfo Soedrajad Yosca Herman explained, the installation of a full
responsive tool, then the countdown timer or countdown tool traffic
lightdicopot flame duration. "The application of this tool part of the
increase in traffic management, to parse congestion and minimize
accidents," said Yosca. According to him, the growth of the higher number
of vehicles. Impact, increasingly congested traffic. Long lines of vehicles
always occurred at the intersection, when the traffic light turns red.
"With this tool, the duration of the traffic light could adjust conditions
in the field. Nyala red light, yellow or green depending on the number of
vehicles that are set in line. If the line is too long, then the red lights can
be accelerated. When countdown timer, programmable duration it," he
explained . The system can run, because there are detectors installed at
intersections to figure out how long the queue of vehicles at the intersection.
"There are cameras that can rotate 360 degrees, to detect the line of
vehicles," he said. Yosca said, the system has been implemented in many
developed countries to parse traffic congestion. For Indonesia, Solo is the
first city to implement such a system. Ungaran - Police Kasatlantas Semarang,
AKP Gusman Fitra, said to parse congestion on Line Bawen-Semarang, it imposes
two conditionally system. Namely the open-close system and a system of
three-one or three lanes for riders and one lane for concreting project. The
main line connecting Semarang-Solo is prone to jam the next few months, because
the elevation of the road project is still ongoing. Today most live one-lane
path toward Bawen, due to start concreted back. Police also opened two
additional traffic posts along the concreted road. That is around the entrance
and around the landfill Blondo Apac Inti. "The team at the command post to
monitor traffic conditions and adjust the system run. If the system is already
in place, there is a team that went to the vehicle to speed up the pace,"
he said on Tuesday (9/4). Congestion observed from the front of the mosque
complex Apac Inti, since the project started concreting around the site. Then
around the entrance ramp Blondo landfill, the junction Gembol be an alternative
pathway Ambarawa-Bawen and in Simpang Bawen that brings flow of Semarang and
Solo. From the observation of this day, dense traffic flow in both directions,
a truck broke down in the middle of the road, thereby increasing the density.
Traffic Volunteers Bawen Chairman, Jacob Praise, said vehicle from Semarang
direction should not be turned directly toward Ambarawa, but must rotate to the
next turn point. Density in Simpang Bawen occurred in the morning and
afternoon. "If the vehicle from Semarang immediately turn, will add a
standstill, so continue to rotate forward a little bit," he said. This
congestion is the impact of a national road works along the 22.5 kilometer
elevation of Bawen to Semarang.
CHAPTER
4
CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 Conclusion
Transportation
traffic congestion is a problem that is becoming more and more complex in urban
areas. The problem occurs because the number of vehicles circulating on the
road is increasing every year, in this case the number of vehicles increases
not matched by the capacity of the road that can accommodate all existing
vehicles. Many ways have been done by the government to address the problem of
traffic congestion. Diantanya is to issue a policy limiting personal vehicle.
But this is also not able to solve the problem of traffic congestion. Seeing
that congestion is getting worse from year to year, it is a serious problem
that must be solved all of society, and not only the responsibility of
government. With taxes on gains from motor vehicles, should the development of
roads in accordance with the growth of the vehicle. Separti widening roads,
repairing roads, fixing traffic signs and traffic light repair damaged. The
place is also supposed to stop in for a safe and comfortable so that people
waiting for public transport at the right place. The congestion problem should
be conscious of all elements of the community that if this trend continues,
then the various losses that will be caused new problems for society in the
future. Therefore, in order to overcome this bottleneck problem, then all
parties in the community, ranging from transport users, providers, and
government must work together to solve this problem with a clear conscience.
Not enough of one party alone, but all of which have the common goal of realizing
a good transportation system. All must begin to realize that the entire
solution was going to be tangible, if all people do start from ourselves,
ranging from small things, and starting from this moment. Thus, a good
transportation system that will be a carrying capacity for the nation to
compete in the world arena.
4.2 Advice
Means
a transport safe and smooth is an ideal condition that is desired by many
people. Current condition of the transportation problems of traffic congestion
is increasingly complex. Efforts to address the problem of traffic congestion
transport is needed to be done so that the problems can be resolved kemcetan
traffic. Awareness to jointly use transportation facilities safely and smoothly
into the main thing that needs to be done. Thereby creating a means of
transport that can be achieved safely and smoothly. As for how that should be
done to address the city government kmacetan traffic caused by the behavior of
road users themselves. For example, Providing knowledge to the public about the
importance of obeying traffic laws and policies for the sake of convenience and
safety are also avoiding congestion, Giving priority to mass transit or public
transportation in order to reduce the density of vehicles on the road, but with
attention to the convenience of personal transportation, and public kepeda
appealed to Semarang mutual ill serobot in using the vehicle on the highway.
SSemoga Bermanfaat :)